How is state power measured?
According to Mingst, state power comes in three ways: natural sources, like geographic, natural resources, and population; tangible sources, such as industrial development and access to resources; and intangible sources, like national image, public support, and leadership. (108-12)
Natural sources of power are not available to all countries, and therefore very prized. To have a large nation chock full of resources and people is the ideal. However, for every Russia or China is an Afghanistan or an Ethiopia. Geographic resources are also very helpful, as strategic location is highly prized. Mackinder believed that to be situated in the heart of Eurasia was to be highly valued, and Mahan knew that owning ports throughout the Pacific would help rule the seas.
Natural sources of power are enhanced, modified, or constrained by tangible and intangible sources of power. Tangible sources of power, like level of industrial development and access to resources, affect natural power sources by restricting the ability to turn natural resources into technology. Without industrialization, geographic advantages are not exploited. (Mingst, 110)
Lack of intangible sources of power, like a poor national image, lack of public support, and inept or shortsighted leadership, will also cause a nation to fall short in exploiting natural advantages. When a state inaccurately visualize its abilities, it act poorly or inappropriately when faced with decisions. A strong national image will allow decisive action and meaningful diplomacy in the international arena, as will strong, charismatic leadership.
Sources:
Mingst, Karen A. Essentials of International Relations. 3rd Edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2004. 47, 108-12.